How to Read a VVM
Giving an Orally Administered Vaccine
Using the Multi-Dose Vial Policy
Using Top-Opening Refrigerators Without Baskets
What Temperatures Should Vaccines Be?
IIP-Vaccine Cold Chain
Use and basic maintenance of cold chain and temperature monitoring equipment
Some vaccines are sensitive to freezing. Once they have frozen, they should not be used. Fortunately, there is a way to tell if a freeze sensitive vaccine has been damaged by exposure to temperatures below zero degrees Celsius: the shake test.